To emphasize the importance of his admonition Nizam ul Mulk recited the experiences of other monarchs anxious to fulfil their obligations. Aware of the tendency of underlings to intervene between the humble and their superiors, one ruler directed all who had petitions to present to come to him robed in red. so lat he might be able to distinguish them even in a ithrong. Another sat on horseback in the middle of a Jarge plain, where he could see all who approached &nd be able to perceive any attempt to intercept them, finally there was a prince of Bokhara who was so viriven by his conscience that he waited up all one night in a heavy snow storm in the great square of his city forche chance petitioner who might have been turned away in the daytime by some over-zealous servant. Equally solemn are the warnings against the danger of oppression by officials, from governors of provinces down to the guardians at the palace gates, and elaborate means for its detection are set forth. Spies disguised as traveling merchants or even as holy men must be sent out into the various parts of the realm and bring back detailed reports of what they witnessed. Another preventative lay in frequent transfers of officials, so that they would not become too settled in any place and imagine they controlled it. Likewise there must be no favoritism or indulgence of any individual. Now all this meant putting the responsibility squarely up to the Sultan. He must be the supervisor and trust to no man. As his rule extended over all the