wreak vengeance on these presumptuous, unbelieving dogs, who denied Mahomet and obstinately pursued the idolatry of the Cross ; infidels who knew not that God was One, alone and indivisible, and that Jesus, though inspired, of prophecy, was not God. What more glorious than to punish these mad ones, to resist them to the death, when death meant Paradise and the eternity of joys impossible on earth! So here was one idealistic movement meeting and being opposed by another. Each feeling itself inspired by God, and each secure in the righteousness of its cause, the purity of its motives, the certainty of its reward. Many times since then, in the limping march of civilization, have men faced each other in the same spirit of fury, of eagerness to maim, torture and kill, inspired by the same conviction of justification on either side, and such happenings are not so remote that we cannqt appreciate the madness which makes them possible, but the Crusades stand apart in the intensity and the duration of the emotionalism aroused on both sides. That there were many lapses from just behavior on the part of the Crusaders must be admitted. Also, that repeatedly the flesh-pots of the Egyptians proved more seductive than service of the Lord. Under errant guidance the rank and file are led into massacres of the innocent and to plunder and rapine. Hospitality along the line of march is repaid by robbery and incendiarism. Fellow Christians are the victims, as well as those eternal scapegoats, the Jews. At Cologne