tending church once a week, the sacrifice of personal convenience offered gladly by this Sultan, who was at once administrator of large and unsettled countries, one of the world's great soldiers, judge and patriarchal ruler of diverse peoples, can only appear astounding. " The usual prayers recited by Saladin," says Major General C. W. Wilson, translator of Beha ed-din, "were the five daily services, and perhaps also the three voluntary services. The service during the night was probably a service of two rakas (consisting of the recitation of verses from the Koran, sentences of praise offered to God, and acts of ritual, including the prostrations). Each service consists of a certain number of obligatory and voluntary rak'as." The appointed hours of prayer are, 1 — from dawn to sunrise; 2 — when the sun has begun to decline; 3 — midway between 2 and 4 ; 4 — a few minutes after sunset; 5 — when the night has closed in. Beha ed-din declared that Saladin not only recited the usual prayers regularly, but, if he woke during the night, he said a prayer, and, if he did not wake, he would get in a prayer before that fixed for the morning. When he was traveling he would get down from his horse at the appointed time. Pious though they might be, it is doubtful that any ruler among the Crusaders regulated his personal habits by the teaching of his faith to the same degree as did many of the monarchs of Islam. The Koran was for them what the rabbinical decrees have always been for the orthodox Jew. According to the Prophet, Islam