that it was a thing unheard-of for the Supreme Pontiff to abdicate. Consequently, a division ensued among them ; for the lord cardinal bishop of Ostia used every possible endeavour that he might be elected pope, and, in like manner did the lord cardinal bishop of Portuenza, the lord Jordan de Possa Nova, the lord Gratianus, and all the rest, struggle, each to the utmost of his power, that he might be made Supreme Pontiff. In the same year, William, king of the Scots, following a good example, caused the subjects of his kingdom to make oath that they would keep the peace to the best of their ability, and that they would neither be thieves, nor robbers, nor outlaws, nor harbourers of them, nor would in any way abet them ; and that, whenever they might hear of any such offenders, they would use the utmost of their ability in arresting and destroying them. An Assize of Measures made ly RicMrd, king of England. " It is enacted, that all measures, throughout the whole of England, shall be of the same capacity, both for corn and for pulse, as also for other things of a like nature, that is to say, one good and reasonable horseload ; M and this is to be the measure established, both within cities and boroughs, and without. The measure also of wine, ale, and all liquors, is to be of the same size, according to the various natures of the liquors. Weights also, and scales, and other measures of dimension, are to be of the same quantity throughout all the kingdom, according to the different nature of the commodities. Also, in the measures of corn, and of liquors, such as wine and ale, let pegs6 8 of iron be driven into them, that false measure may not fraudulently be given. It is also decreed, that woollen cloths, wherever they are made, are to be made of the same breadth, that is to say, two ells wide within the lists ; and all are to be of the same goodness in the middle, and in the sides. The ell is to be the same throughout the whole kingdom, and of the same length, and is to be made of iron. It is also forbidden to all traders throughout the whole kingdom of England, that any trader shall hang up before his 6 4 " Equi " appears to be the proper reading, and not " sequi." 6 5 Probably at stated distances, to denote the smaller measures into which the larger ones were divided, something like the peg tankards of the Saxons.