they had had no idea. And these things all belonged to the Eomanizers. They needed little permission to pillage, less, to murder the men who had everything to lose, and nothing to gain, by continuing the war. And then ensued a civil war, the scenes of which surpass in horror those of any other page in history. Through the streets ran the zealots dressed in fantastic garb, which they had pillaged, some of them attired as women, murdering all the rich and those who were obnoxious to their party. It is vain to follow their course of plunder, murder, and sedition. They invited the Idumseans to come to their assistance—a fierce and warlike race, who had been all Judaized since the time of Hyrcanus. These gladly came. By night, while a dreadful tempest raged overhead, a sign of God's wrath, and amid the shrieks of wounded men and despairing women, the Idumaeans attacked and gained possession of the Temple, and when the day dawned eight thousand bodies lay piled within the sacred area. Among them were those of Ananus, and Jesus the son of Gamala, the high priests. Stripped naked, their corpses were thrown out to the dogs, and it was forbidden even to bury them. Simon Ben Gioras, who had first signalized himself in the defeat of Cestius, came to the city to add one more to the factions. The moderate party were stamped out and exterminated, and the city divided between John and Simon, who fought incessantly till Titus's legions appeared before the walls. NOTE.—Th e materials for this chapter were chiefly found in Josephus and Milman's ' History of the Jews.' In the chapters which follow, it has not heen thought necessary to name the authorities for each chapter. References will be found occasionally, among other books, to Williams's ' Holy City,' and Lewin's ' Siege of Jerusalem.'