XIII.] HENRY Π. 347 'Utriusque juris doctoratus' and in the fact that every great canonist throughout the middle ages in England was also a great civilian. The first result perhaps of these novelties, so far as English law is concerned, was the improvement in legal education. Although Bologna and Pavia could not be suffered to come to England, England might go to Bologna; and a stream of young archdeacons, at the age at which in England a boy is articled to an attorney, poured forth to the Italian law schools. Many and varied were their experiences; but invariably they get into debt and write home for money; some of them" fall in love and become the quasi-husbands of Italian ladies ; some get a bad character for learning the Italian art of poisoning; some are killed in frays with the natives; some remain abroad and become professors ; all more or less illustrate the scholastic question which John of Salisbury propounds, Is it possible for an archdeacon to be saved? There are some few exceptions, but they seem to be generally of the men who stuck to theology and went for their education no further than Paris. The scrapes of the archdeacons however I have spoken of before ; they are a really amusing feature of the epistolary correspondence of the time. I pass on to something more important. Great as the advantages might be of an improved code of laws and system of procedure, neither the canon law nor the civil law was accepted here ; they were rejected not only by the stubborn obscurantism of Stephen, but by the ι bright and sagacious intellect of Henry II. Now, con-/ sidering the close political connexion between Theobald and the Plantagenet party, it is not at all impossible that Henry II may have been among the pupils of Vacarius : certainly he was more of a lawyer than mere empirical education could make him, and, as certainly, he was awake