A.D . 1108.] ΟΠΙΟ, KING OK GERMANY. HÌ9 Of certain useful laws enacted hy king Richard. In the same year, on the (lay of St. Edmund the king and martyr, king Richard, at the instance of Hubert archbishop of Canterbury and justiciary of England, made a decree at Westminster, that, throughout England all measures of corn and pulse, both in cities and other places, should be of the same size, and especially the measure of ale, wine, and the weights of merchants. It was also decreed that woollen cloths in all parts of the kingdom should be two ells wide, within the borders, and should be as good in the middle as they were at the sides. It was, moreover, decreed that no trader should hang up before his shop red or black cloths, or anything else by which the sight of purchasers should be deceived in choosing α good cloth. Λ decree was also passed that no dye, except black, should be anywhere made use of in the kingdom, except in the capital cities or the boroughs ; and if any one should be convicted of transgressing any of these laws, that his body should be imprisoned, and his goods confiscated to the revenue. In this same year, Philip, a clerk of the king's, of the country of Poictou, was elected bishop of Durham, and was consecrated at the Laterali by pope Celestine. Of the coronation of Otho, as king of Germany. A.i). 1198. In the ninth year of king Richard's reign, on the recommendation of the same monarch, his nephew Otho was crowned king of Alcniainc or Germany; he directly married the daughter of the duke of Louvain, and on the day of his coronation sat at table in the church with her, though she was not crowned at that time. In the same year, on the death of pope Celestine, Innocent the Third succeeded him, and on St. Peter's day was consecrated pope and placed in St. Peter's chair; under his auspices there sprang up in Italy a new sect of preachers called 'Jacobites,' because they imitated the life of the apostles. These men went forth amongst cities, streets, and castles, preaching the word of the gospel, eating but little, scantily clothed, and without gold, silver, or any other property. In a short time these people multiplied throughout the world on account of their voluntary poverty, dwelling in the chief cities by sevens and tens, taking no heed for the future, and retaining nothing for their