A general council was held on two occasions in this period ; once at Rome and once» at Lyons. In the last the emperor Frederic was excommunicated and deposed. Not far from Genoa, in the open sea, several prelates, were taken prisoners, and some were drowned. Wales also was brreavtfLof its prince, and afterwards his two sons, Griffith and David, being speedily circumvented, it was reduced to obey the laws of England, and to acknowledge the authority of the king. Guienne was subdued by earl Simon, afterwards when it rebelled it was again subdued, and at last delivered from the vengeance of the king of Spain. The greater part of Spain was restored to Christian worship by the most valorous king of Castile, and the noble cities Cordova and Seville, and the large city of Valentia, and several others, and the very rich islands in the vicinity were reduced under the power of the same king, and faithfully illuminated by the Catholic faith. The pope being driven from his city like an exile and a fugitive, fled from city to city, lying hid in many places, while Frederic persecuted Innocent the Fourth. But at last he reached Lyons, and there he found a safe refuge. Nevertheless, not at all recognizing the hand of the Lord as that which chastised him, he oppressed the church more than all his predecessors put together. Three prelates sat in the aposto^c seat within two years, and the papal see was vacant a year and nine months. Prelates were suspended from collation to benefices until satisfaction was made to him ; on behalf of whom he wrote that provision should be made for them, according to what they considered themselves entitled to receive. The Preaching Brothers and Minor Brothers, by the command of the pope, and being compelled by their principle of obedience, became the tax-gathering nuncios, and, as it were, legates of the pope, being diligent collectors of the pope's money ; by preaching, giving the sign of the cross, and again recalling it when they had accomplished their end, and by s standing by invalids who were dying, and preparing to make their wills. And like diligent men of business, armed with all kinds of powers, they turned every thing to the advantage of the pope. The monastic orders were multiplied in England, there being, besides the orders of Preachers and Minors, the Brothers of Mount Carmel, the Brothers of the Crossbeams, and some who called themselves Brothers of the order of Saint