of North Wales, to submit to him, violently forcing an entrance into the district called Snowden, a place abundantly fortified by its natural situation, on the Sabbath before the feast of Saint Laurence. The same year, the two gallant knights, Robert de Tunham, and Roger, constable of Chester, died. The king of France too expelled and banished from his kingdom Reginald, count of Boulogne, who, on this, coming into England was honourably received by the king of England, from whom he received a gift of land of the value of three hundred pounds yearly, and to whom he did homage, and swore fealty. Likewise, at this time, pope Innocent, as John, king of England, disdained to listen to his ambassadors, who gave him wholesome advice, and who brought back no replies except derisive laughter ; marvelling at his obstinacy, and detesting his stubbornness, absolved universally all kings, and all other pertons, both poor and rich, natives of his kingdom, or neighbours who had any connection with the crown of England, from all fealty to king John ; and he sequestered the whole realm, and declared it in a state of subjection, strictly, and under penalty of excommunication, forbidding all bodies and all individuals to avoid his society at table, at the council-board, and in conversation. But king John had for his principal partisans and advisers in this error and obstinacy his own brother William, earl of Salisbury, Alberic de Vere, earl of Oxford, Geoffrey, son of Peter, the justiciary of England, three bishops of the court, namely, Philip of Durham, Peter of Winchester, and John of Norwich ; Richard of Marisco, the king's chancellor, Hugo de Neville, the chief forester, William of Wrotham, the guardian of the ports, Robert of Old Bridge and Huon, his brother, Brian of the Isle, Geoffrey de Lacy, Hugo de Balliol, and Bernard his brother ; William of Canteleu, and William his son, Fulk de Canteleu, Reginald de Cornhull, Viscount of Kent, Robert de Braybroke, and Henry his eon ; Philip de Hulecotes, John de Bassingborne, Philip Mark, châtelain of Nottingham, Peter of Badlake, Robert de Gangi, Girard de Athia, and Ingelram his nephew, Fulk and William Briwer, Peter the son of Hubert, Thomas Basset, Fulk de Breance, a native of Normandy, and a great many others, whom it would take a long time to enumerate. And these men, wishing to please the king in everything, gave him pernicious counsel, not according to reason, but guided by mere impetuosity of will.