king, when in a position of difficulty, had sworn to observe himself, to be carried off by force from the churches where they had been deposited, and where they had hitherto lain in security, and to be taken to his own treasury. Moreover, the whole Anglican Church held a great council in Easter week, at Winchester, by the management of the king, where many of the things which concerned the kingdom were changed. At that council too, Stigand, archbishop of Canterbury, was ignominiously degraded, and his brother, Ay] mer, bishop of East Anglia, and many other bishops and abbots were deposed at the same time. JSgelwin, bishop of Durham, alone, of all the prelates of England, seeing the unjust oppression of his brethren, and sympathizing with them, and feeling zeal for God, went of his .own accord into banishment from England, wishing to entangle the oppressors in the knot of excommunication. Stigand was succeeded by Lanfranc, a monk, a man of elegant learning, and adorned with many and various polite accomplishments, who, among other magnificent works, composed a treatise on the Sacrament of the Altar, confirming the Catholic Faith. Aylmer was succeeded by Arfast, the king'β chaplain ; and he transferred the seat of his diocese to Thetford. The English being expelled by the Normans, are injuriously and wickedly treated. A.D . 1071. Lanfranc, abbot of Caèn, was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury, on the twenty-fourth of April. And this Lanfranc, when archbishop, established the order of monks according to the rule of Saint Benedict in many of the convents of England. And he did so, first of all, in the church of Canterbury ; after that, in the church of Saint Alban, the protomartyr of the English, where also, when the abbot Frederic died, he appointed his nephew Paul as his successor ; who, relying on the support of his uncle, restored the church, and reformed the brotherhood, which had fallen into some irregularities. This year also, the English being very injuriously treated by the Normans, fled to the fens of Ely, and to the island of Thorney, where they made themselves a camp of refuge, and elected Hereward, a warrior of great energy and bravery, as their general. But king William, alluring some by promises and terrifying others by threats, and corrupting others again by bribes, at last surrounded all the fugitives witli a numerous