A.D. 1138. BISHOP RALPH ADDRESSES THE ΛΕΛΙΥ. 231 crucifixes upon the bodies of the slain, and, by way of exchange, placed the heads of the slain upon the crueifixes. In consequence of this, wherever the Seots eame, the plaees were rilled with cruelty and horror, the shrieks of women, the outcries of aged men, the groans of the dying, and the desperation of the youthful. On this, king Stephen aroused himself, and burned and ravaged the southern parts of king David's kingdom, while David himself did not dare to confront him. After Easter, however, the disgraceful fury of the traitors became greatly inflamed. Eor one of the rebels, Talbot by name, held Hereford, in "Wales, against the king ; to which, however, the king laid siege, and reduced it to submission. Earl Robert,68 the illegitimate son of king Henry, held against him a most strongly fortified eastle, the name of which was Bristowe,87 and another called Slede.*3 "William Lovel held the castle of Kari ;8S Paganel held the eastle of Ludlow; "William de Moun held the castle of Dunster ;M Robert de Niehole91 held the castle of Wareham ; Eustace Fitz-John, a one-eyed vile traitor, held the castle of Malton; William Fitz-Allan held the castle of Salopes-bury," which last the king took by force of arms, and hanged some of those who were taken prisoners ; on hearing of which, Walkelm, who held Dover castle, immediately surrendered it to the queen who was then besieging it. While king Stephen was thus engaged in the southern parts of England, David, king of the Scots, led an innumerable army into England. By the advice and exhortation of Tur-stin, archbishop of York, the nobles of the north of England went out to meet him, with William, the illustrious earl of Albcrmarle, and planted the standard93 or royal banner at Allertai,94 on Outune moor. As, in consequence of illness, the archbishop of York could not be present at the battle, he sent in his place Ralph, bishop of the Orkneys,94 who, standing in the midst of the army, on an elevated spot, addressed them to the following effect : 86 Of Gloucester. 87 Bristol. 86 Leeds. 89 Castle Cary, in Somersetshire. 90 In Somersetshire. 91 Roger of Wendover calls him Robert of Lincoln. 92 Shrewsbury. 93 Hence this is sometimes called the battle of the Standard. 94 North Allerton. 9i Roger of Wendover says, Bishop of Durham,