A D. 1094. DUKE ROBERT RENOUNCES THE TREATY. 179 food, and raiment to all strangers who came to her, and loved God with all her heart. After her death, the Scots chose" as their king, Dufenald, the brother of king Malcolm, and expelled from Scotland all the English who belonged to the royal court. On hearing of this, Duncan, the son of king Malcolm, who was at that time in the service1 of king William, requested him to give him his father's kingdom ; and, on his prayer being granted, swore fealty to him, and immediately repaired with all haste to Scotland, accompanied by a multitude of English and Normans, and, expelling hie uncle, Dufenald,2 from the kingdom, reigned in his stead. Shortly after, some of the Scots meeting together, cut off nearly the whole of his men ; on which, with a few others, he made his escape. However, they afterwards allowed him to reign over them, on condition that he should no more introduce Englishmen or Normans into Scotland, or allow them to serve under him. At this period, a meeting was held of nearly all the bishops of England, among whom Thomas, the archbishop of York, held the chief place ; and on the second day before the nones of December they consecrated Anselm, abbat of Bee, archbishop of Canterbury. In the same year, WiBiam, earl of En, being overcome by his inordinate greediness for money, and aBured by the magnitude of the honors promised him, revolted from his natural lord, Bobert, duke of Normandy, to whom he had sworn fealty, and, coming to England, after acting the part of a guilty seducer,* acknowledged himself a subject of king William. In the year 1094, Bobert, duke of Normandy, by ambassadors, informed king WiBiam that he should renounoe the treaty * 99 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle also mentions this election. Upon the passage, Mr. Ingram, the Translator, observes, " From this expression, it is evident that, though preference was naturally and properly given to hereditary claims, the monarchy of Scotland, as well as of England, was in principle elective. The doctrine of hereditary, of divine, of indefeasible right, is of modern growth." 1 " Militabat." The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says that he had been given by his father as a hostage to king William. 3 The name which we call " Donald." ' " Ut seductor maximus." He had probably seduced others from their loyalty to duke Robert; if, indeed, the reading here is correct, which is very doubtful. Ν 2